General Urology
Haematuria
Microscopic haematuria
Where the blood is not visible and present only on testing of the urine.
Macroscopic haematuria
Where there is visible blood in the urine causing it to be discoloured pink, red, brownish-red or tea-coloured. Gross haematuria is another term for visible blood in the urine.
Kidney Stones
Kidney stones (calculi) are hardened mineral deposits that form in the kidney. They originate as microscopic particles and develop into stones over time. Urinary stones may contain various combinations of chemicals. The most common type of stone contains calcium in combination with either oxalate or phosphate.
Other stones may form from uric acid – the chemical that causes gout (a type of arthritis). A less common type of stone is caused by an infection in the urinary tract. This type of stone is called a struvite or infection stone. Other rare stones include cystine stones, which form due to a specific metabolic abnormality.
Bladder Dysfunction
A neurogenic bladder is the term given to the loss of normal bladder function caused by damage to part of the nervous system. Normal bladder function relies on a complex co-ordination of nerve and muscle function to allow the storage and elimination of urine.
Benign Prostate Hyperplasia (BPH)
Benign Prostate Hyperplasia (BPH) is the gradual enlargement of the central portion of the prostate, compressing the urethra and obstructing urine flow. Symptoms include weak urine flow, urgency, and nocturia (waking at night to urinate). BPH is not cancer and does not develop into cancer.
BPH is a normal part of ageing in men, though the degree of enlargement and symptom severity vary. Many men have minor symptoms requiring no treatment, but for those significantly affected, effective treatment options are available.
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